After writing about this “Creeler Incident,” as it has become known, we decided to look a little further into it. We contacted Paul Chandler, who is the current Director of COAST, to get his take on the situation.
What Paul had to say gave us new insight into how strong communities make good conservation happen, the barriers they face in doing so, and the changes they need to make in order be more effective in the future. This is what Paul had to say:
“A fleet of about 50
No one saw the creels being laid, but a vessel from England had been reported as working at night around Holy Isle, which was unusual, so we had the vessel’s ID number recorded. We tracked down the owner and skipper, who called us back and told us that the creels were clearly theirs. He said it was a mistake, and that the creels would be removed as soon as they got a replacement crew on the boat. Here at COAST, our purpose was to get the creels removed ASAP from the No Take Zone and have any catch returned. The skipper agreed to this. We kept Marine Scotland up to date throughout this process.
In the meantime, the single Marine Scotland inshore fisheries protection vessel* (MINNA) was heading our way as a result of the reports and we were told that the creels would be removed the following day. That next morning, the MINNA was standing off in the Firth of Clyde, outside the MPA, and the creeler was back in the No Take Zone. After a short time, the creeler headed south, away from the MINNA, which then finally started to move slowly toward the bay. We asked our spotters to take photographs of the creeler as she left to ensure that she had lifted the creels, as it had become clear that she was not going to be intercepted by the MINNA. All photographs from the witnesses came back showing clearly that there were no creels on the deck of the creeler as she departed.
This lead to two days of confusion as the MINNA hung around in the bay wasting fuel and dropped a rigid-hulled inflatable boat for a buzz about before departing. Marine Scotland then stated that there were now no creels in the No Take Zone. We wrote to them asking whether they had actually seen the creel traps being lifted, and we showed them the photographic evidence of the creeler leaving and it being creel-less. Our concern was now that the buoys had simply been cut free and the creels had been left ghost-fishing on the bottom.
No prosecution and no transparency. This is what Scotland’s coastal communities are currently getting from their Government and its regulatory body.
The reply from Marine Scotland stated that they could not provide any further information during an investigation. Some weeks later a Marine Scotland dive barge came to check that the creels had gone and again they stated that no creels were present, but only after we chased them up. We are still not confident that they were pulled up, as we do not know how or when they would have been lifted.
After several more weeks of hearing nothing and none of our witnesses being interviewed, we wrote to Marine Scotland again, this time to be told that their investigation was complete and that they had spoken to the master. We then wrote to the head of Marine Scotland asking point blank how could they have possibly carried out an investigation without even interviewing any witnesses. The reply came back to talk directly to marine Scotland Compliance.
No prosecution and no transparency. This is what Scotland’s coastal communities are currently getting from their Government and its regulatory body.”
One Ocean for All
Anyone who has tried to converse with a government agency, especially one that appears underfunded, knows that dealing with these bureaucracies is an exercise in frustration management, and COAST has experienced much of the same. Manuela says the community looks up to COAST as stewards of the NTZ and, when issues like the Creel Incident arise, members of the community look to them for answers. She says it is tough when the community have been engaged and trying to be helpful and then COAST cannot address their concerns. They want to be able to respond and tell them the situation, what happened; to show them that their reporting helped accomplish something good. The red tape and classic run-around COAST has received surrounding getting any information makes it hard. No one likes to have to tell those who look up to them for answers that they simply have no more information.
This brings up one of the key issues COAST has come up against. There is a cultural, almost cognitive belief held by many regarding the stewardship, the ownership if you will, of the sea. “The ocean has traditionally been seen as the fishermen’s land. You know, that the sea belongs to the fishermen. And that’s something that COAST has challenged. The ocean belongs to all of us. And we have a right to give an opinion and to influence decisions that are taken about how it is managed.” This is an important point. Just like terrestrial land does not only belong to farmers and foresters, neither is the ocean the sole property of those who take fish from it. And it is well worth the fight to make sure policy- and law-makers understand this, and understand that we know it.
COAST clearly does not agree with the current system, believing there should be much more democratic representation of stakeholders that make these important decisions.
Manuela tells us there is a big difference between what happens in Scotland and what happens in England. England has the Inshore Fishing and Conservation Authorities (IFCAs), a group of ten districts that cover the English seas out to six nautical miles from shore. These IFCAs are made up of a diverse group of stakeholders, including not just fishermen, but also scientists, government officials and conservation groups, who decide together how to manage their seas.
Scotland, on the other hand, has what are called Regional Inshore Fishery Groups (RIFGs), consisting of five networks that also stretch six miles out from shore. The stated aims of the RIFGs is to improve inshore fisheries management and “to give commercial inshore fishermen a strong voice in wider marine management developments.” As Manuela tells it, RIFGs are, “just the fishermen and the government. So, obviously the commercial fishermen have a very strong lobby on what happens. And they have no space for other stakeholders to have a say on how the fisheries are managed.” COAST clearly does not agree with the current system, believing there should be much more democratic representation of stakeholders that make these important decisions.
Keys to Success
Having committed, passionate and determined individuals is one of the most important keys to success. The essence of what has made COAST successful is the people who have been ready and willing to make personal sacrifices to ensure its success in the face of many obstacles. Talent diversity and the ability to put aside differences – to realize the value of working together – are other key features of their success. Then, there is
When community members see others putting so much effort into something for the community, it is inspiring. Also, the people of the community saw COAST members “down in London for yet another meeting,” then coming back and doing talks at the local high school. Not just being active but being seen to be active. What happened here, Manuela says, has built the trust that now exists between the community and this team, a trust that has fueled their success.
A Growing Connection
A few years ago, COAST realized that they were receiving a lot of requests from other coastal community groups asking for speakers to come and talk to them about what COAST was doing. It was apparent that theirs wasn’t the only community interested in establishing a local NTZ. After beginning to take these requests on, they quickly came to the conclusion that they simply did not have the capacity, and potentially not even the authority, to go out and tell to others what needed to be done. Each place has its own issues, and each community must discover their own pathway. So they partnered with Fauna & Flora International, who then created a hired role called Marine Community Support Officer (MCSO). The goal of this person would be to aid interested communities in developing ways to care for and protect their seas.
“We are unhappy that it’s called ‘Scottish Salmon,’ what they produce. Because 90% of the fish don’t come from Scotland, they come from Norway.”
That first and still current MCSO was hired in June, 2014, and she is Kerri Whiteside. Upon being hired, Kerri went to meet with various community groups to find out what they required and how she could help. That help entailed giving advice, writing up project papers and anything else she could support them with. Within a couple years, six or seven fellow community groups had formed in Scotland, with all but two being on the West Coast. Currently, there exists a network of a dozen partners who have formed the Coastal Communities Network (CCN), each doing very interesting work locally.
One question Manuela is sometimes asked is, “What makes a coastal community?” She says it is difficult to answer, but that for their ever-growing network, they are defined by their determination to change their situation for the better. Not just through education and research but also, and perhaps most importantly, by campaigning. She thinks campaigns are sometimes the gap found between what her network does and the work done by marine conservation projects like Sealives, or by larger NGO-types. These are not very “campaign-y,” she says. They are often, “very nice projects, but which may not be too critical of the situation.” Her network, however, exists to get into, “what’s wrong with the governance, because we are not allowed a voice. And that’s where we need to get to.”
Current Battle
She explained that often what brings the network together is when something unfortunate happens, “when there is a risk to our seas.” The most recent campaign, she told us, is the proposal by the commercial fishing industry [she is including salmon farms as commercial fisheries here], and supported by the government, to double salmon farm production in Scotland in a very short period. This is a cause of huge concern, she says, as the credentials of the salmon farming industry is “far from being good.” She brings up not only the many pollution and disease aspects of that industry, but also a social aspect. “We are unhappy that it’s called ‘Scottish Salmon,’ what they produce. Because 90% of the fish don’t come from Scotland, they come from Norway.” Not only are Scottish consumers often unaware that the “Scottish salmon” they buy at the supermarket was raised in chemical-laden toilet water and is rife with diseases and parasites that spread to and kill off the wild stock, but it is also incorrectly labelled and not even technically from Scotland.
Without proper stewardship, the fishermen of the future look like they’re going to have to change careers before that career even begins.
As with everywhere open pen salmon farming takes place, a key issue in Scotland is the polluting of the seas. Now they want to double that. Manuela says there is not enough knowledge about the effects on inshore marine areas from the pollution flowing from these salmon farms into surrounding waters, much less to be talking of doubling it. “It is completely out of the question without the proper risk assessments,” she states. She says, at the very least, groups such as those in her network deserve and need a seat at the table. A seat which does not yet exist.
In a better future, Manuela says they would not even need MPAs because there would be sensible overall management of the sea. There would be an integrated approach where each bit of the sea had, as its stewards, the people of that area. Locals who would know what they have and have an interest in protecting it. They would simply be able to create protected areas to allow for full recovery, or to protect certain species, as science dictated. That is obviously a long way off, but it is the raison d’etre for CCN, for COAST, and for us here at Sealives: Reasonable management of the ocean and its resources, guided by science, economics, and a hope for future generations to retain a viable and necessary source of food and beauty.
In some places, everyone needs to step back so that their kids and grandchildren can continue fishing. COAST and others in their network have started taking this step. At this point in time, though, without proper stewardship, the fishermen of the future look like they’re going to have to change careers before that career even begins.
*Paul told us, for the purpose of comparison, that England has 39 inshore protection vessels for a shorter coastline. [Ed. Note: Wikipedia quotes the CIA Factbook as saying that England’s coastline measures 12,429 kilometers. Scotland’s coast, if its numerous islands are included, is about 16,500 kilometers, also according to Wikipedia.]
Did You Know
- In 2016 (the most recent year for which numbers are available), Marine Scotland had a budget of US $62.84 million and 700 employees. It has a fleet of three Marine Protection Vessels, bit only one is predominantly for inshore enforcement, while the other two are used for mostly offshore duties.
Environmental Impacts
- Whelk creels, or pots, are well suited to small, local owner operators, have comparatively little impact on the seabed, and can be much more targeted than other forms of fishing if done correctly, giving them, in theory, the potential for being a very low-impact fishery. The species they target are, however, long-lived, late maturing, and they do not produce many eggs. This means that this form of harvesting is susceptible to local overfishing if not properly managed. Pots or traps for larger species can cause problems with by-catch (the unintentional harvesting of non-target species. We have been given first hand eye-witness accounts of sharks and other larger species caught in large, poorly designed traps.
Health Impacts
- Whelk, or sea snail, meat contains only 1.2% fat. Comparable to clams and scallops, it is a delicious and rich source of protein and Omega-3 fatty acids. The meat contains ten times the amount of vitamin B-12 that is found in beef, and is high in copper, zinc and iron. It is also a good source of other essential minerals like phosphorous, magnesium and vitamin E.
Lessons Learned
- Coastal communities can apply enough political leverage to have formal marine protections put into action in their area. In the case of the Isle of Aaran, it took a combination of science and visual evidence to get all elements of the local community on-board, and years of determined hard work to create the political will among policymakers.
- This process can be made easier by making it clear to the public that the oceans, like the land, belong to everyone and not just special interest groups.
- The work to maintain respect and involvement for the local community does not end when protections are put into place. Mechanisms for transparent and efficient reporting and feedback to-and from enforcement bodies must be implemented and maintained.
What You Can Do
- Support coastal communities in having say and some degree of control of their local waters. Support policy makers who take action to empower coastal communities.
